Similar looking sisters: A new sibling species in the Pristimantis danae group from the southwestern Amazon basin (Anura, Strabomantidae)

We describe a new frog species that is the sibling of Pristimantis reichlei. These two sister species inhabit the Amazonian lowlands and adjacent foothills of the Andes, from central Bolivia to central Peru. Pristimantis reichlei occurs from central Bolivia to southern Peru (Alto Purús National Park), while the new species occurs from northern Bolivia (Departamento Pando) to Panguana in central Peru (Departamento Huánuco), at elevationsbetween 220 and 470 m a.s.l. In spite of their morphological crypsis, these siblings occur in syntopy without evidence of interbreeding (in the Alto Purús area) and are recovered as reciprocally monophyletic. Their uncorrected pairwise genetic distances in the 16S rRNA gene range from 9.5–13.5%, and their advertisement calls differ in both qualitative and quantitative traits. Moreover, our study found uncorrected pairwise distances within the new species of up to 5.0% and up to 9.3% within P. reichlei. We therefore cannot rule out the possible existence of hybrids or additional species-level lineages hidden in this complex. Furthermore, we found another potential pair of sibling species composed of P. danae and an unnamed lineage, with divergences of 9.4% in the 16S gene, whose in-depth analysis and taxonomic treatment are pending future revision. With the new nominal species, the Pristimantis danae species group now includes 20 species, distributed across the upper Amazon basin and in the eastern Andes, from western Brazil to Bolivia and Peru. Our study, together with an increasing number of other studies, indicates that sibling species are far from being rare among Amazonian amphibians and that species resolution remains low even for groups that have received considerable attention in recent years.